Understanding Menstruation and Common Disorders in Women

 

 

Understanding Menstruation and Common Disorders in Women

Menstruation, often called the monthly period, is a natural biological process in women that indicates reproductive health. It plays a vital role in a woman’s life, starting from puberty and continuing until menopause. While menstruation is a normal part of life, many women experience different disorders, hormonal imbalances, and changes related to it, which need awareness and proper care.

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What is Menstruation?

Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) through the vagina. This process is controlled by hormones such as estrogen and progesterone and is part of the menstrual cycle, which usually lasts 28–30 days.

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When Does Menstruation Begin?

The first period in a girl’s life is called menarche. It usually begins between the ages of 11 to 14 years, though it can vary depending on nutrition, lifestyle, and genetic factors. From this stage, a woman’s body becomes capable of reproduction.

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How Much Blood is Lost During Menstruation?

On average, women lose about 30–80 ml of blood during a 4–5 day cycle. It may look like more, but most of the menstrual fluid is made up of mucus and tissue, not just blood. Heavy bleeding beyond this average may indicate a medical condition such as fibroids, hormonal imbalance, or bleeding disorders.

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Common Menstrual Disorders in Young and Unmarried Women

1. Dysmenorrhea (Painful Periods)
   
   
   
• Severe cramps in the lower abdomen and back.
• Caused by high levels of prostaglandins (hormone-like substances).
2. Amenorrhea (Absence of Periods)
   
   
   
• Primary: No periods by age 15.
• Secondary: Periods stop for 3+ months after starting normally.
• Causes: Stress, extreme weight loss, PCOS, thyroid problems.
3. Menorrhagia (Heavy Bleeding)
   
   
   
• Excessive bleeding lasting longer than 7 days.
• May lead to anemia if untreated.
4. Oligomenorrhea (Irregular Periods)
   
   
   
• Menstrual cycles longer than 35 days.
• Often linked to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
5. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
   
   
   
• Emotional and physical symptoms like irritability, mood swings, breast tenderness, and bloating before periods.

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Why Does Leucorrhoea Occur in Pregnant Women?

Leucorrhoea refers to whitish vaginal discharge. During pregnancy, hormonal changes and increased blood flow to the pelvic area cause more cervical mucus to be secreted. It is usually harmless, helping protect the uterus from infections. However, foul-smelling or colored discharge needs medical attention, as it may indicate infection.

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Thyroid Problems After Childbirth

Many women experience thyroid imbalance after delivery, a condition called postpartum thyroiditis.

• During pregnancy, the thyroid gland works harder due to increased hormone needs.
• After delivery, immune system changes may trigger thyroid inflammation.
• Symptoms:
• Hyperthyroidism phase – anxiety, weight loss, rapid heartbeat.
• Hypothyroidism phase – fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin.

If untreated, it can lead to long-term hypothyroidism. Regular screening and timely medication help restore balance.

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Maintaining Menstrual and Reproductive Health

• Eat a balanced diet rich in iron, calcium, and vitamins.
• Exercise regularly to maintain hormonal balance.
• Practice stress management (yoga, meditation, or deep breathing).
• Avoid smoking and excessive caffeine.
• Seek medical advice if bleeding patterns change or pain becomes unbearable.

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Conclusion

Menstruation is a natural biological rhythm that begins in adolescence and continues through a woman’s prime years. Understanding normal menstrual flow, being aware of common disorders like PCOS, dysmenorrhea, or thyroid imbalance, and recognizing symptoms like leucorrhoea during pregnancy are essential for every woman. With early detection, lifestyle care, and timely medical help, women can maintain reproductive health and overall well-being.